Expansion of foreign trade has important effects on energy intensity based on the structural conditions and economic nature of countries. In the present research the scale effect (the economy volume changing), the composite effect (the structure of economic activities changing) and the technical effect (productivity changing) resulting from the trade on the energy intensity of Iran economy, as one of the important economic-environmental indicators is investigated. For this purpose the empirical model of the research according to the economic theories by using the structural vector autoregression in 1353-1392 is modeled. The results of the model show that the trade expansion have positive scale and composite effects but negative technical effect on the energy intensity of Iran. Also the size of technical effect is bigger than the resultant of the two other effects. Therefore according to the results, increasing the volume of foreign trade has not energy intensive effect and there is evidence that energy intensity decreases from the total factors productivity channel (as an indicator of technical changes). Therefore the expansion of foreign trade in Iran is considered energy saving.

The purpose of this paper is to study the Prospects of Economic Cooperation of ECO member countries through trade intensity, trade complementarity and trade bias indices. This study examined how the members, are serious in their economic integration and to what extent they can meet the needs and requirements of ECO member countries.The result shoes that trade intensity between Iran and Turkey is higher compared with other countries, however, export intensity of Turkey to Iran is higher than the value of this indice for Iran's export to Turkey.Trade intensity of Iran and Pakistan is higher than the average of this indice for the world trade. However, this indice has the minimum value for trade intensity of Iran and Pakistan. For other countries this indice does not seem to be important. Our estimate of Trade Complementarity indice shows that it is more important for trade between Iran and Pakistan and relatively much less in other countries. For other ECO member countries either the data were not available or the result was not very significant.The indice of country's trade bias shoes that Iran's tendency to trade with Pakistan and Turkey is more than the trade orientation of those countries' with Iran. This indicates that these two countries have relatively more access to Iran's market as compared to Iran's access to those countries' markets. In other words, it shows that Iran's trade preference to trade with ECO member countries is much higher than those countries' trade preferences the trade with Iran. This implies that in order that ECO becomes successful, member countries have to take necessary steps to orient their trade policies towords member countries and taking economic and trade integration more seriously.

The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between the trade intensity and business cycle synchronization among ECO Members in 1993-2007 periods. For this purpose “The central country model with centrality of Iran” has been used. In order to investigate the asymmetry of the structure of production (ASP) between ECO members the specialization index has been applied. The results indicate that the bilateral trade intensity and the industrial asymmetries index ignorable impact on the business cycle synchronization among ECO Members.In order to investigate the effect of income and geographical distance among ECO Members a gravity model were used. The results reveal that the per capita income had a positive and significant impact on the bilateral trade intensity, while geographical distance had a negative effect.

This paper investigates the determinants of intra-regional Agriculture trade intensity in ECO during 1993-2012. We use a general gravity model that focus on gravity variables and likewise other important variable including agricultural similarity, fiscal supporting policy similarity and trade openness. The results indicate that bilateral real exchange rate and trade openness increase intra-regional Agriculture trade intensity, while cross GDP per capita, exchange rate volatilities and distance decrease it. Of course, the effect of distance has is not significant. Also, more agricultural dissimilarity between a pair of countries induces the higher agricultural trade intensity. In other words, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is confirmed for agricultural trade in ECO region. Likewise, more fiscal supporting policy similarity causes to increase agricultural trade intensity among ECO members.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The congenital anomaly of nose is the one of causes of cosmetic of face and repair of this defect is very difficult. In this article, it was reported a case of congenital hypo plastic nasal alar with failure in operation two times. CASE: A 19 year old female referred with hypo plastic nasal alar who had been already operated two times with a failure in repairing this defect. A composite graft from ear with suitable size was inserted in the defect area of nose and it was improved. CONCLUSION: For repairing this anatomical defect and decreasing failure, this new surgical method is suggested.

Objective: This study aims to model electricity cross border trade policy based on the network theory and to investigate the position and importance of West Asia community in the global electricity trade network. The cohesion in the electricity trade between countries will ensure the security of electricity supply and reduce costs. West Asia community is a group of countries in the network that includes Iran. Method: For this purpose, the global network is constructed to examine the role of each node in the network for the time period of 2010-2018. Different communities are identified to proceed with the network analysis. We detect the communities based on the Louvain method as it has the large z-scores for all years and it’ s an efficient algorithm. An innovative analysis is introduced; that is competitiveness to capture the competition intensity among electricity exporters. To capture the competition intensity between two electricity exporters, we use Glick and Rose (1999) suggested indicator. Results of this study clearly show the influence and necessity of Iran for stabilizing of the network within its community. Iran mostly has electricity trade with seven of its neighboring countries, which are Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Among them, Iran exports electricity to three countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq, and conducts bilateral trade with four other partners. The results of the competition intensity suggest more interconnectedness among community members, and show Iran compete with Turkey, Azerbaijan and Russia on the regional market share. The competition intensity trend, extracted from the competition networks, escalated during the time period. Also Iran is a key node of its community in the competition networks. Finally, it is showed that electricity trade can be increased between Iran and other regional partners. Also based on all different kind of the centrality measures, Iran is the most important node in these networks. All in all, the competition intensity networks for the region, depict intense competition among the nodes, and especially Iran is considered to be the most central node, showing the highest competition relation with its partners. Turkey in the first years and Azerbaijan in the last years of the period are in second place in terms of the competition intensity (These extracted competition networks can be scrutinized in details that give researchers crucial information about the condition of export competition). Conclusion: Community of Iran usually consists of Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, Turkey and Armenia. The position of Iran within its community has been scrutinized. For the first part, among all, community of Iran is in the middle ranking (for example, 8 and 10 among 16 and 15 communities in 2011 and 2018, respectively) based on the total weight. The share of weight of this community to the total trade, varies between 0. 2% in 2015 to 14. 7% in 2014. By conducting a measure for finding trade hubs in different communities, it’ s been found Iran had the greatest score and considered to be the trade hub in west Asia region. Its score in some years puts it among top five trade hubs in whole network (for 4 years). There are eight main electricity importers from Iran. From this aspect, this importing markets have been examined to identify the rivals. In terms of Afghanistan, Iran has the second place after Uzbekistan. In case of Turkey, in the first half of the period, Iran is the biggest exporter, but it started to compete and give away its position to Bulgaria, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Armenia imports from just Iran and Georgia till 2015. The trend in trade of Azerbaijan is similar to Turkey. Iran is the biggest exporter in the first years, but Russia and Armenia gradually took the position. so as a summary, Iran in terms of export to Iraq, Pakistan and Turkmenistan has the dominant share in all years; but in other markets like Afghanistan, Armenia and Azerbaijan, it’ s competing; and in Turkey it’ s losing the competition. The results from competition measure support the real data.